Daily strawberry yield forecasting using artificial intelligence in commercial horticulture
Ahmed, Salman and Caldwell, Nicholas (2026) Daily strawberry yield forecasting using artificial intelligence in commercial horticulture. Smart Agricultural Technology, 15. ISSN 2772-3755
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Abstract
Accurate forecasting of yield is critical for commercial strawberry production, where daily harvest estimates directly influence labour allocation, logistics planning, and market supply commitments. Nevertheless, farm-scale forecasting operates under significant constraints, including limited multi-year history, seasonal discontinuities, seasonal zero-yield boundaries, and heterogeneous operational data sources. While most existing forecasting studies are evaluated on extensive datasets, this work specifically investigates yield prediction performance under limited-data conditions. We employ a leakage-aware, biologically informed framework for daily strawberry yield forecasting using six consecutive production years (2020–2025) from a commercial UK farm. The modelling pipeline integrates rolling environmental summaries and multi-horizon yield lag features while preserving seasonal boundaries and enforcing strict temporal alignment. A comprehensive benchmarking study evaluates linear models, distance-based methods, tree ensembles, gradient boosting frameworks, neural architectures, and a tabular foundation model (TabPFN) under three validation approaches: random train–test splitting, Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation, and forward-year generalisation. The results show that the evaluation design materially affects the apparent performance. Under deployment-relevant forward-year validation (train 2020–2024, test 2025), TabPFN achieves MAE of 438.53 and coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.696, outperforming classical baselines. Tree-based ensembles also exhibit strong generalisation, whereas neural sequence models trained from scratch underperform in the limited-data. The findings indicate that biologically motivated temporal features capture substantial predictive structure and that robust inductive bias is more beneficial than architectural complexity in small seasonal datasets.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | strawberry yield forecasting, machine learning, TabPFN, tabular data modelling |
| Subjects: | T Technology > T Technology (General) |
| Divisions: | Other Departments (Central units) > Research Directorate |
| Depositing User: | David Upson-Dale |
| Date Deposited: | 01 Oct 2026 11:23 |
| Last Modified: | 01 Oct 2026 11:23 |
| URI: | https://oars.uos.ac.uk/id/eprint/5718 |
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